This decision follows the absence of regular captain Kylian Mbappé, who is sidelined with a minor thigh injury in Madrid.
Tchouaméni, who has earned 36 caps for his country, will step into a leadership role for a French team missing two of its most influential figures.
Alongside Mbappé, vice-captain Antoine Griezmann will also be unavailable after recently announcing his shock retirement from international football.
Both players were instrumental in leading France to their 2018 World Cup triumph, making their absence felt as the team navigates this crucial period.
The Real Madrid midfielder’s appointment as captain marks a significant moment, as France currently sit second in Group A2 of the Nations League, trailing Italy by three points after two games.
Following Thursday’s fixture against Israel, France face a challenging away match against Belgium on Monday, with the need to secure points intensifying.
Despite the absence of star players, coach Didier Deschamps remains optimistic.
Tchouaméni has already established himself as a calm and tactically astute presence at both club and international levels. His leadership will be crucial as France pushes to close the gap on Italy and strengthen their position in the group.